Mardani A., Şahin H. G., Hematibahar M., Kamchoom V., Hussain R. R.
MATERIALS, cilt.19, sa.22, ss.1-43, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
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Yayın Türü:
Makale / Tam Makale
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Cilt numarası:
19
Sayı:
22
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Basım Tarihi:
2026
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Doi Numarası:
10.3390/ma19224823
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Dergi Adı:
MATERIALS
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Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler:
Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Scopus, Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Compendex, INSPEC
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Sayfa Sayıları:
ss.1-43
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Adresli:
Evet
Özet
The structural application of 3D-printed concrete remains limited by the difficulty of integrating reinforcement with layer-wise fabrication without interrupting automation or restricting geometric freedom. This study critically examines existing reinforcement strategies for 3D-printed concrete (3DPC), focusing on their mechanical contributions, fabrication compatibility, and practical limitations. Based on the identified research gaps, the 3D-Printing Hybrid Concrete Technique (3DPHT) is discussed as a potential future framework combining 3D-Printing Concrete (3DPC) with 3D-Printed Reinforced Concrete (3DPRC). The concept is based on coordinating printable cementitious materials with digitally fabricated reinforcement, including truss, honeycomb, re-entrant, chiral, and rotating geometries. Particular attention is given to auxetic structures because their negative Poisson’s ratio enables geometry-dependent confinement, stress redistribution, crack control, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation. The reviewed studies show that the effectiveness of 3DPRC depends on the combined influence of reinforcement material, topology, orientation, bond, and printing parameters rather than on reinforcement strength alone. Polymeric systems offer high geometric flexibility, while continuous-fiber thermoplastics and metallic systems provide higher stiffness and tensile capacity. Existing findings also indicate that architected reinforcement can improve flexural, compressive, interlayer, and post-cracking behavior under specific configurations. However, a critical comparison of existing approaches reveals persistent challenges related to reinforcement continuity, reinforcement placement, geometric compatibility, and process automation. These limitations provide the rationale for exploring more integrated reinforcement strategies. Within 3DPHT, reinforcement is treated as part of the digital fabrication strategy rather than as a separate construction stage. However, large-scale implementation remains constrained by fabrication accuracy, reinforcement–matrix bond, polymer durability, fire resistance, cyclic and seismic behavior, production rate, and cost. Overall, 3DPHT provides a basis for moving from printing concrete geometry toward digitally fabricated reinforced cementitious systems.