Investigation of Odor, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Parameters Originating from Textile Industry Stenter Stack

Esen F.

TOXICS, vol.14, no.560, pp.1-17, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 14 Issue: 560
  • Publication Date: 2026
  • Doi Number: 10.3390/toxics14070560
  • Journal Name: TOXICS
  • Journal Indexes: Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), BIOSIS, EMBASE, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Page Numbers: pp.1-17
  • Bursa Uludag University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

The textile industry causes significant environmental problems because of its intensive use

of water, energy, and chemicals. The stenter machines, which are commonly used in textile

finishing processes, release air pollutants such as odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

and total organic carbon (TOC) into the atmosphere during drying and fixing processes

carried out at high temperatures. The aim of this study was to investigate odor, VOC,

and TOC emissions from the stacks of the stenter machines. In this study, odor, VOC, and

TOC parameters were examined in samples from the stacks of stenter machines of nine

different plants operating in the textile sector in Bursa, Turkey. The samples were analysed

in accordance with EN 13725:2022 standard, EN 13649:2014 standard, and EN 12619:2013

standard for odor, VOC, and TOC parameters, respectively. Acetone, carbon tetrachloride,

dibromochloromethane, ethylbenzene, tetrachlorethylene, toluene, and p + m-Xylene were

the most common components. The TOC concentrations were determined in the range

of 13.89–279.23 mg/Nm3. The odor concentrations were determined in the range of

4113–26,627 OU/m3.