Liberalization of the sodium nitrate trade in the late Ottoman Empire and the activities of the Ottoman branch of the Chilean nitrate producers company, 1908–1914

This article examines the liberalization of the sodium nitrate trade, an essential chemical fertilizer in the late Ottoman Empire. Initially, imports of substances like sodium nitrate were tightly restricted because of security concerns, particularly caused by their potential use in producing explosives. Despite this, growing recognition of the importance of chemical fertilizers for agricultural productivity led to their limited use in state farms and agricultural schools. Broader access, however, remained restricted. Following the 1908 Revolution, merchants and officials argued that the restrictions hindered agricultural and economic development. A temporary relaxation followed, but the broader regulatory framework soon reimposed restrictions. At the centre of subsequent liberalization efforts was Yani Hıristaki, an agricultural engineer and the director of the Chilean Nitrate Producers Company’s Ottoman branch. Through lobbying, public outreach, and scientific advocacy, he challenged official concerns and promoted the agricultural benefits of sodium nitrate. Backed by the Ministry of Forestry, Mining and Agriculture, his efforts culminated in a 1914 provisional law that formally lifted import restrictions. This case highlights the complex interplay of scientific knowledge, commercial interests and state authority in shaping agricultural modernization during the late Ottoman period.