Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
IONICS, cilt.1, sa.1, ss.1-10, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
PPy/NF, rGO:PPy/NF, and CuO@rGO:PPy/NF electrodes are fabricated through a
controlled galvanostatic electrodeposition strategy. The chemical composition
and phase structure of the resulting materials are verified by EDS, XRD, and
FTIR characterizations, confirming the successful formation of the designed
architectures. The symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs), namely PPy/NF//PPy/NF,
rGO:PPy/NF//rGO:PPy/NF, and CuO@rGO:PPy/NF//CuO@rGO:PPy/NF, are assembled using
a 3 M KOH aqueous electrolyte in combination with a cellulose paper separator. The
electrochemical behavior of the fabricated cells is systematically investigated
using CV, GCD, and EIS techniques. Based on the GCD measurements, the symmetric
supercapacitors assembled with PPy/NF, rGO:PPy/NF, and CuO@rGO:PPy/NF
electrodes exhibit specific capacitance values of 61.5, 88.0, and 232.1 F g⁻¹,
respectively, when tested at a current density of 3.2 A g⁻¹. The corresponding
energy–power characteristics indicate that the PPy/NF device provides 21.8 Wh
kg⁻¹ at 607.2 W kg⁻¹, while the rGO:PPy/NF configuration achieves 31.2 Wh kg⁻¹
at 441.7 W kg⁻¹. The ternary CuO@rGO:PPy/NF system delivers a markedly enhanced
energy density of 82.5 Wh kg⁻¹ with a power density of 336.7 W kg⁻¹. Cycling
analysis over 10000 charge discharge processes reveals capacitance retentions
of 64.3%, 70.8%, and 88.2% for PPy/NF, rGO:PPy/NF, and CuO@rGO:PPy/NF devices,
respectively, highlighting the improved electrochemical durability of the
composite architecture. Impedance analysis and equivalent circuit modeling
further clarify the internal resistance components and charge transport
behavior of the systems, providing insight into the relationship between
electrode structure and electrochemical response. The novelty of this study originates from the
strategic sequential electrochemical assembly of a ternary CuO@rGO:PPy/NF
heterostructure, where each component is integrated to overcome the intrinsic
limitations of individual materials. This specific architectural design
facilitates a synergistic effect; the rGO:PPy matrix provides a highly
conductive and flexible framework that effectively encapsulates the CuO
nanostructures, thereby enhancing charge transfer kinetics and accommodating
structural volume changes during cycling. Furthermore, the practical viability
of the developed electrodes is demonstrated through a series-connected
configuration of three symmetric devices, achieving a robust 3.2 V open-circuit
potential. While a single red LED typically requires ~1.6 V to illuminate, the
3.2 V configuration ensures a stable and prolonged energy discharge, overcoming
the potential drops during practical operation. This demonstrates that our
CuO@rGO:PPy/NF based devices can easily meet the voltage requirements of
portable electronic components when scaled in series.