Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
PROF. DR. HALİL İNALCIK’IN MİRASI: OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNDAN CUMHURİYET TÜRKİYE’SİNE ULUSLARARASI TARİH ARAŞTIRMALARI SEMPOZYUMU, Yalova, Türkiye, 27 - 28 Temmuz 2024, cilt.1, ss.392-407, (Tam Metin Bildiri)
Since the Ottoman Empire was a peasant society, it had an economic structure based on agriculture. Until the Arazi Kanunnamesi prepared in 1858, lands were evaluated as Öşür, Haraç and Miri Lands. In the Ottoman Empire; the farmer does not own the land, transportation facilities are inadequate, taxes are heavy, farmers cannot sell their product to whomever they want and have to sell it to privileged people, there are internal customs within the country, farmers have to pay additional taxes to go to another market, trade cannot develop, they became producing goods only for their own needs, farmers were unaware of innovations such as seed breeding, fertilization and mechanization, privileges were granted to European states, European products filled the Ottoman markets, farmers migrated to cities due to wars, disasters, famines and banditry, decrease in people working in agriculture and agriculture has lagged behind due to problems such as vacant agricultural lands.
The 19th century was a century when innovation movements began in Ottoman agriculture. Innovation movements became possible with the Tanzimat Edict of 1839. In order to develop agriculture; Some practices were tried to be implemented, such as the establishment of Memleket Sandıkları, Ziraat Bankası, agriculture-based industry, publication of the Arazi Kanunnamesi and opening of agricultural schools.
After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, private entrepreneurship was encouraged, the Izmir Economic Congress was held in 1923, the aşar tax was abolished in 1925, the 1st Industrial Plan was prepared and put into practice in 1934, the Soil Products Office was established in 1938 to support grain prices, and agricultural production was negatively affected during World War II, and after the war, Agricultural Equipment Institution and technical agricultural organizations were established to provide access to inputs such as machinery and fertilizer at affordable prices. With the increase in population, mechanization and easier transportation, migration from rural to urban areas began in the 1950s, and the departure of young people from rural areas accelerated in the 1980s. Despite the significant advantages it has in agriculture, Turkey has not yet reached the desired productivity level in plant and animal production. Significant problems in food safety from farm to table remain to be solved.