DURABILITY and RHEOLOGY PROBLEMS in LIMESTONE CALCINED CLAY CEMENTS (LC3): INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN LABORATORY DATA and FIELD REALITIES

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Özteber S., Ünverdi M., Mardani A.

ISPEC GLOBAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONGRESS (ISPEC-GISRC), Rome, İtalya, 27 Nisan - 03 Mayıs 2026, cilt.1, ss.1166-1184, (Tam Metin Bildiri)

  • Yayın Türü: Bildiri / Tam Metin Bildiri
  • Cilt numarası: 1
  • Basıldığı Şehir: Rome
  • Basıldığı Ülke: İtalya
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1166-1184
  • Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
  • Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has emerged as one of the most promising binder systems within global carbon emission reduction strategies. Despite this rapid industrial acceptance deep engineering inconsistencies exist between current laboratory testing methods and the actual field performance of the material. This study examines the fundamental technical problems inherent in LC3 technology through a current and comprehensive literature synthesis. The research primarily addresses the conflicting findings regarding durability behavior. LC3 systems exhibit superior physical resistance against chloride diffusion by narrowing the critical pore diameter through the formation of carboaluminate phases. On the other hand the carbonation front advances faster compared to conventional concretes due to the lower portlandite reserve. Accelerated carbonation tests in the literature artificially transform this chemical condition into severe degradation by using extremely high gas concentrations and completely ignore the capacity of the matrix to physically stop corrosion through its high electrical resistivity. Another focal point of the study is the production bottleneck. Industrial scale flash calcination applications maximize the amorphous structure and chemical reactivity of the clay. This increased reactivity and the resulting irregular particle morphology significantly increase the water demand of the mixture causing traditional polycarboxylate ether based superplasticizer admixtures to lose their functionality. Current engineering practices attempt to solve this problem merely by altering the timing of admixture addition. This paper demonstrates that in order to truly reflect the potential of LC3 systems in the field there is an urgent need to develop clay specific next generation polymer designs and to establish entirely new performance based standards tailored to exact exposure conditions.