Deep Neural Network based Power Factor and Phase Angle Estimation for Real-time Monitoring

Çalişkan A., İnci M., Demir M. H., Berber Ö., Tan A., Bayındır K. Ç.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol.74, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 74
  • Publication Date: 2025
  • Doi Number: 10.1109/tim.2025.3627339
  • Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC
  • Keywords: Deep neural networks (DNNs), feature extraction, phase angle (PA) estimation, power factor (PF) estimation, real-time monitoring
  • Bursa Uludag University Affiliated: No

Abstract

Accurate and real-time estimation of power factor (PF) and phase angle (PA) is critical for tracking energy efficiency and monitoring grid stability. This study proposes a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach for PF and PA estimation using voltage and current signals in real-time applications. Unlike conventional methods that rely on time-series analysis, the proposed method performs power factor estimation using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for efficient feature extraction by converting one-dimensional electrical signals into two-dimensional image representations. The experimental validation demonstrates that the developed model achieves high accuracy across various load conditions, including resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads. The results show that the DNN-based approach provides fast and precise estimations, making it a viable alternative to expensive equipment, such as power analyzers. Results show that the proposed CNN-based model achieved an R² value of 0.9683 for PA estimation and 0.8842 for PF estimation, with root mean square error (RMSE) values as low as 6.71 and 0.11, respectively. The system successfully predicted PF and PA with less than 5% error during the experimental test phases. Future works will focus on extending the model’s capabilities to handle more complex power quality (PQ) disturbances and integrating it into proposed energy monitoring system.